Slaves Were Constantly In Danger For Even The Smallest

Slaves were constantly in danger for even the smallest actions against their masters. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs looks into the life of Linda Brent, which is Harriet Jacobs’s fake name. Slavery was the basis of Linda’s long suffering. Harriet uses fear, harassment, and loss to demonstrate how slavery hurts many women. Linda faced and witnessed many hardships as a woman in slavery. One of the first moments she witnessed a great loss she stated, â€Å"On one of these sale days, I saw a mother lead seven children to the auction-block. She knew that some of them would be taken from her; but they took all,† (III, 17). The quote is particularly important because it shows how many people lost those they loved not through†¦show more content†¦Dr. Flint sexually harassed Linda repeatedly. This hurt Linda because she slowly had her innocence tore away from her at such a young age. An important line in reference to her situation was, â €Å"But Dr. Flint swore he would kill me, if I was not as silent as the grave,† (V, 27). She was alone and had no one to safely confide in. In addition to Dr. Flint’s verbal harassment, he used many threats. A prime example would be, â€Å"I shuddered; but I was constrained to listen, while he talked of his intention to give me a home of my own, and make a lady out of me,†(X, 47). This in itself seems harmless. However, the point made here is that he never intends to let her go. She will forever be his to do as he pleases. This hurts because she will be forced to suffer his constant advances on her till he grows bored and cruel or till her own death. This also gives the idea that if she were to give in she could bore his children whom he could treat with cruelty as a means to keep her under his thumb at absolutely all costs. Later on Dr. Flint’s tactics change along with the birth of Linda’s child. He uses the birth of her son as an advantage to co ntrol her. He will offer to sell her children when she disobeys or upsets him (XIV, 66). The key point is that he instills the fear of losing her child. She is more likely to be docile when ordered about, ifShow MoreRelatedEssay about Sand County Almanac3881 Words   |  16 Pagesthought of being bounded, disappear. Solitude extends on every hand as far as the dew can reach. (July, pg. 44) 4) Who are the â€Å"Old soldiers of the prairie war†? * Bur oaks are the â€Å"Old soldiers of the prairie war†. (April, pg. 29) 5) Where were the missing grouse hiding during the snowstorm? Where had they been before arriving there? How could Leopold tell? * During the snowstorm, the missing grouse had hidden in a leafy top of an oak blown down last summer. Before arriving there, theyRead MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 PagesG.P. 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All people working for someone will see that this law will apply to them, the boss or in this case the â€Å"master† is on top. The person on the top, most likely, worked his or hers way up and does not want to be thrown from his or hers throne. It is in theRead MoreBible Versus the Toran12356 Words   |  50 Pagesadultery, and murder. 6. FIRST KINGS - Solomon, Israel is powerful. Solomon dies, then division of tribes: 10 the the north and 2 to the south. 7. SECOND KINGS - The divided Kingdom. All 19 kings of Israel were bad; therefore, captivity in Assyria (722 B.C.). In Judah, 8 of 20 rulers were good but went into exile too. (4) 8. FIRST CHRONICLES - Continued recounting of the life of Solomon building of temple, to the captivity. History of Judah only. 9. SECOND CHRONICLES - Continued recountingRead MoreFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 Pagesasking questions, suggesting ideas and so on. 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Examination Questions (page 303) 1 Any two from: controlling the temperature of an oven; controlling the washing programs in a washing machine/dishwasher;Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescentury does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that

Why Does Investment Spending Depend On Interest Rates

Q: Why does investment spending depend on interest rates, among other factors? A: Investment spending depends on interest rates due to opportunity cost and risk. For example, when interest rates rise, the opportunity cost of your investment also increases. When interest rates are higher investors are willing to pay less for payment in the future. Which in turn leads to a lower rate of investment. The opposite can be said for falls in interest rates that are met will lower opportunity costs. Q: Why would most investments in the economy fail to take place if there were no financial institutions? A: Most investments in the economy would fail to take place if there were no financial institutions because many independent investors do†¦show more content†¦The Federal Reserve is governed by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). This group is comprised of seven members of the Board of Governors and five regional bank presidents that rotate. The Chair has the final say when it comes to monetary policies and decision making which means that professionals across the nation are constantly anxiously waiting for their thoughts and verdicts. (O Sullivan, 283) Q: Identify how the economy makes the transition from the short run to the long run. A: Economies have officially transitioned from short run to long run when the aggregate demand curve intersect the long run aggregate supply curve. When wages and prices are increasing the supply curve will move upward and will continue to do so as long as society continues to produce passed that of potential output (O Sullivan, 201). The economy transitions from short to long run when enough time passes such that no factors are longer fixed. Q: Contrast the pros and cons of protectionist policies. A: Perfectionist policies are defense mechanisms used when economies believe their industries are being threatened by unjust competition in foreign markets. 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E) allRead MoreConsumption Function, Autonomous Consumption, And Marginal Propensity974 Words   |  4 Pagesrelationship between consumption spending and the level of income o C = Ca + by o Example: Income, wealth, interest rates, age, education, and family size are all part of spending, depending on your level of income. o The life-cycle theory assumes that household members choose their current expenditures optimally, taking account of their spending needs and future income over the remainder of their lifetime. †¢ Autonomous Consumption – The part of consumption that does not depend on income o Example: ElectricityRead MoreINTRODUCTION: Keynesian framework IS-LM Model According to Dornbusch (2011), the IS-LM model was1100 Words   |  5 Pagesfor investments and savings in the goods market while LM stands for liquidity preference and money supply in the money market. The model emphasizes the interaction between the goods and assets markets. 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Any time the spending exceeds the revenues, the federal government runs a deficit. As many may already know the United States must increase its revenue or reduce expenses during the next decade in order to farther debt and loss of creditability in the world financial

Beowulf The Ideal Hero Essay Example For Students

Beowulf The Ideal Hero Essay Achilles, Beowulf, Gilgamesh, Samson and Heracles can all be characterized as heroes. However, each of these characters embodies different attributes that earn them the heroic distinction. This paper will seek to show that Beowulf is the most heroic figure based on his adherence to the heroic ethos. Also, the character of Gilgamesh will be used as a means of comparison to further showcase the heroic nature of Beowulf. The heroic ethos is a set of values that prioritize and glorify the valor of an individual. The motivation of the hero is to garner fame and immortality in legend, resulting in feats of excellence. Characteristics of the heroic ethos include service to people in the upper level of the hierarchy (e.g. relationship between lord and thane), a special relationship to god (special does not necessarily mean positive as in the case of Heracles and Hera), greatness in warfare/slaying, loyal, courageous, indispensable, and (almost) invulnerable. For the hero, the highest good is glory and the highest evil is shame. Beowulf, the son of Ecgtheow and Hygelacs thane is introduced by Heaney as a valiant warrior. The reader immediately notices that Beowulf is well respected. The tone of the work suggests that even the narrator holds him in high esteem, the man whose name was known for courage, the Geat Leader (Heaney, 11) (the chapter is entitled The Hero comes to Heorot). Beowulf is introduced with grandeur. He is allowed to mention his own name and goes on to describe some of his feats, They had seen me boltered in the blood of enemies, when I battled and bound five beasts, raided a troll nest and slaughtered sea brutes (Heaney, 13). Before actually seeing him in action, the reader is aware that Beowulf is a great warrior whose father is well respected. From the initial introduction, it is expected that Beowulf will be able to accomplish super human tasks. Similarly, Gilgamesh is also given a grand introduction. He is described as, the strongest one of all, the perfect, the terror (Ferry, 4). Howe ver, the overall view of Gilgamesh is not as honorable as Beowulf. The people of Uruk are lamenting to the god Aruru: (Ferry, 5)Neither the fathers son nor the wife of the noble is safe in Uruk; neither the mothers daughter nor the warriors bride is safe. The old men say: Is this the shepherd of the people? Is this the wise shepherd, the protector of the people? There is no withstanding the desire of the Wild Ox. This shows that even though Gilgamesh is supposed to be the perfect, he is far from it. Unlike the praise and admiration for Beowulf, Gilgameshs character is being questioned right from the beginning of the text. Is this the classification of a great hero? Does the reader expect great things from Gilgamesh? Not really. This classification of Gilgamesh enables the reader to see that he is flawed and will more than likely experience later difficulties. Courage is a major component of the heros artillery. Up to his death, Beowulfs courage was boundless. He competed with Breca in a swimming match on the open seas; he fought Grendel, Grendels mother, and finally, the dragon that caused his death. In each situation, Beowulf displayed strength, wisdom, and faith. In all of his expeditions, he never really showed resistance. It can be argued that he was reluctant in the last battle with the dragon but this is to be expected since he was considerably older. In the fight with Grendel, Beowulf used his arm strength to accomplish his task. He was able to rip off Grendels shoulder and arm:The monsters whole body was in pain; a tremendous woundappeared on his shoulder. Sinews split and the bone lappings burst. Beowulf was granted the glory of winning; Grendel was driven under the fen banks, fatally hurt, to his desolate lair (Heaney, 22) One cannot help feeling sorry for Grendel. However, it is the heros duty to carry out his task and Beowul f accomplished his with strength and courage. The same episode is seen with Grendels mother. Even though he had to fight in a mystical body of water, Beowulf triumphed. At a time when everyone else in his company including the boastful Unferth proved cowards, he was able to prove his worth. Beowulf is able to fight with all of his might because he is a strict follower of the heroic code. He knows that failure would lead to shame and disgrace for himself and his lord, Hygelac; A warrior will sooner die than live a life of shame (Heaney, 72). At the end of the text, Beowulf faces his death with courage. Even though he is an old man and knows that he will die, he still fights with all of his might for glory and immortality through story (as characteristic of any great warrior this is also seen in with Hector and Helen in the Iliad). Before going into battle, Beowulf says, This fight is not yours,nor is it up to any man except me to measure his strength against the monsteror to prove h is worth. I shall win the goldby my courage, or else mortal combat,doom of battle, will bear your lord away (Heaney, 64). Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves EssayEnjoy it well. I heard four horses were handed over next. Beowulf bestowed four bay steedsTo go with the armor, swift gallopers,All alike. Do ought a kinsman act,Instead of plotting and planning in secret To bring people to grief, or conspiring to arrange The death of comrades (Heaney, 55)He also defends Hygelacs honor when he accomplished his task of killing both Grendel and Grendels mother. In Beowulf, God is constantly mentioned. There is no specific mention that any of the characters are Christian but there are Christian elements to the story. These include a direct connection to Creation, Cain, and the Deluge. Beowulf pays homage to God every time he accomplishes a task. For example after winning the battle with Grendel, the text relates, The monster wrenched and wrestled with him, But Beowulf was mindful of his mighty strength,The wondrous gifts God had showered on him:He relied for help on the Lord of All, On his care and favor (Heaney, 35) In this example, it can clearly be seen that Beowulf attributes his success to God and his ove rall plan. This pattern is repeated throughout the text. In comparison to Gilgamesh, the idea of God is very different. The flood and the story of Utnapishtim are directly related to Noah and the Bible. However, the flood in Gilgamesh was decided by a council of Gods. After the flood began, the Gods also became afraid of its magnitude. In Gilgamesh, the Gods are humanized. They succumb to desire (as seem with Ishtar when she is lusting after Gilgamesh) and revenge (the flood). In Gilgamesh, the Gods are directly involved in some of the action. In Beowulf, God is a verbal presence. In both Gilgamesh and Beowulf, the heroes had a relationship with God/Gods. However, as outlined above, these relationships were very different. Beowulf had a direct spiritual connection while Gilgamesh questions the actions and even opposes one of them (Ishtar). Beowulf and Gilgamesh are both deemed heroes. According to heroic ethos, Beowulf proves to be the more valiant, law abiding one. He embodies the necessary characteristics of the Anglo Saxon/Germanic hero (courage, loyalty, and greatness in warfare/battle). However, it can also be argued that Gilgamesh is a great hero because of his divergence from the classical heroic model. Many readers are able to connect more with Gilgamesh because of his humanness. In the end, he comes to understand that death is a part of life and that one can still live on forever through their accomplishments (for him, it would be through Uruk).

Tourism and Hotel Professional Development †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Tourism and Hotel Professional Development. Answer: Introduction: The tourism and hospitality sector has been revolutionized with the integration of digital technologies and the escalation in global tourism levels. The changing trends of market demand and consumer requirements have reformed the conventional business scenario in which managers were liable to experience little dynamism. Therefore managers and personnel in the tourism and hospitality sector should be prepared to address the emerging trends effectively for which they need to tailor their personal and professional attributes to address challenges of the modern workplace in the sector of tourism and hospitality (Brandon-Jones, et al., 2016). The promising outcomes that could be derived by personnel employed in the tourism and hospitality industry from professional development have been noted in the improvement of employee performance at the workplace. The implications of professional development of an individual are realized through a comprehensive perception of ones own self in order to identify the areas of strength and weaknesses. The following report is aimed at presenting a model for my professional development which includes an analysis of the specific dimensions such as personality type, leadership, values and motivators, emotional intelligence, decision making and capability for influencing people. In whole assignment Take references and models as well from textbook (for text book go to https://learn.scu.edu.au/ then put id: jjosep12 password: 21091987, then select Tourism and Hotel professional development, then go to study guide and select topics. I had written the topic number in front of every heading for example: (personality: topic 3 and 4) Self-Awareness Personality: topic 3 and 4 (explain myers briggs model and big five model. Relate model with me as my career) Conducting the personality test is an imperative for initiating professional development. Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as shown in Appendix, I found that my preferences were inclined towards Introversion, Intuition, Thinking and Perception. In order to anticipate these results it is necessary to obtain an understanding of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator test. The theory is based on four sets of preferences which characterize the personality of an individual.The first set of preferences refers to extraversion and introversion which imply that the former is associated with the interaction with people and things while the latter is emphasized on information and ideas. I could observe that my social skills were not sufficient and I relied largely on information for performing my duties at the workplace. The impact of introversion in context of my career choices would imply searching for job opportunities which have minimal requirement for social interaction. However, the tourism and hospitality sector could not exclude the prospects of communication which reflect on the setback posed by introversion traits for my future career choices (Ashton, 2015). The second set of preferences comprises of sensing and intuition among which the former implies that sensing is associated with an individuals dependence on facts and reality. These preferences in the personality of an individual characterize the information processing approach followed by an individual. On the contrary, the aspects of intuition can be validated in an individual based on possibilities and personal capabilities. I observed that my emphasis on personal competences and the possibilities that can be anticipated in every scenario classify my preference towards intuition. These traits could enable me to obtain feasible opportunities in future career choices where I could engage in consistent recognition of opportunities in the workplace environment and its benefits for my professional development (B lair et al., 2002). The third set of preferences is characterized by the contrasting traits of thinking and feeling among which the former encourages emphasis on logic and truth while the latter prefers values and relationships in decision making. This trait would enable me to acquire an interpretation of feasible future career choices in position of strategic management or leadership where I could implement my personality traits for effective decision makings (Hamm et al., 2016). The fourth set of preferences highlight the nature of lifestyle of an individual and classified into judging and perception. The preference for judging would indicate a planned and stable lifestyle while perception would imply a flexible and responsive lifestyle. In my case, I could observe that my preferences were inclined towards perception owing to my abilities for adapting to different living situations. The reflection on a perception type of personality trait in context of my future career choices requires the identificat ion of jobs which could provide challenging environments. Perception personality trait would be helpful for adapting to different scenarios emerging in contemporary workplace (Moeller Goldstein, 2014). Comparison of the insights drawn from Myers-Briggs Theory with the Big Five personality model would facilitate a clearer impression of an individuals personality. The Big Five personality model classifies an individuals personality on the basis of scores in individual dimensions such as Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism. The comparison of my personalityinsights from Myers-Briggs Personality test with the OCEAN aspects of personality convey that my scores for openness and neuroticism are high while low scores in agreeableness and extraversion. I was also able to observe that my score in conscientiousness was moderate (Luo, Qiu Lam, 2016). The outcomes of both the models provide a generic impression of my personality traits among which the profound characteristics include introversion, creativity and openness, higher competitiveness and realistic approach for decision making. Values and motivation: McClellands theory of needs Goal setting (Locke) Reinforcement theory Equity theory Relate model with me as my career Use 2 theory from this Values of an individual are also considered as prominent determinants of the professional development of an individual as it would help them in ascertaining a connection with the values of the organization. The generic classification of values could be observed in the two categories such as instrumental and terminal values. The definition of the instrumental values could be identified in the core values or inherent personal characteristics and traits which also comprise of negative traits. Terminal values could be defined as the desired end state outcomes of existence or the objectives that an individual intends to accomplish over the course of their lifetime. Instrumental values could be defined as the preferred means for accomplishing terminal values or the mode of behaviour preferred by an individual. Instrumental values are largely dependent on the personal beliefs and values of an individual and hence could be assumed as integral aspects of an individuals personality (Saunders et al., 2007). In my case, I was able to identify that my instrumental values comprised of honesty, imaginativeness, ambition and competitiveness while on the other hand my terminal values are directed towards family security, recognition and professional excellence. It is also imperative to observe the implications that can be rendered by values on the prospects for future career development. From a critical perspective, imaginativeness and ambition would enable me to be competent for addre ssing unprecedented challenges in the workplace which would ensure promising future career prospects. The motivation theories such as Maslows needs hierarchy theory imply the major opportunities to tap into the motivation of employees. However, considering the Affective Events theory, the perception of people regarding their work environment and the emotional content inferred by them from it could be implicative of their sources of motivation. McClelland (1988) identified motivation as the need for Achievement, a drive to excel, to achieve to standard, to endeavour to succeed, a need for connections, a need for personal relationships, a need for power and the need to control others behaviour. Motivation also plays a crucial role in the personality of an individual as it drives an individual to accomplish specific career related objectives. The goal setting theory could be assumed as a promising reference of contemporary motivation theory. The precedent established in the theory reflects on the improvement of professional performance through undertaking challenging tasks. The theory also emphasizes on the role of employee commitment to organizational tasks as a promising motivator (Sheldon, Fesenmaier Tribe, 2011). The impact of competitiveness also indicates my abilities for striving to perform better at the workplace which could promote my future career opportunities. Honesty is a widely appreciated virtue in the professional scenario in tourism and hospitality which would also support my career credentials.I could also collate my instrumental values of ambition and competitiveness and approach my terminal values such as family security and professional excellence consi stently. The long term objective of ensuring family security and consistent realization of professional excellence could also provide motivation for accomplishing professional development .The personalization of the impact of values and motivation on my career choices could be observed in the inferences that help me to identify job opportunities that would provide a reasonable financial remuneration and opportunities for professional development (Sheldon, Fesenmaier Tribe, 2011). Emotional intelligence The application of emotions and moods in organizational behaviour could be used to reflect profoundly on the aspects of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence has been substantially influenced by the introduction of theories such as emotional intelligence theory that was developed through inferences from the works of Peter Salovey, John Jack Mayer and Howard Gardner. The primary aspects addressed through emotional intelligence refer to the five domains such as knowledge of emotions, self-motivation, and management of personal emotions, relationship management and recognition of emotions of other people (Walker Moscardo, 2014). The different applications of emotions and moods in context of organizational behaviour could be apprehended in the distinct areas of selection processes implemented in an organization, negotiation, job attitudes, customer service, and deviation in workplace behaviour, creativity, leadership, motivation, interpersonal conflict and decision making. The selection aspect of an organization should include references to emotional intelligence of the employees to be recruited which are important in the case of jobs which require higher degree of social interaction. The implementation of emotional intelligence measurements during the recruitment and selection of employees could be accounted as promising measures for inclusion of employees with higher abilities for social interaction. My competences could be limited in this context (Seyito?lu Yirik, 2015). Application of emotions in creativity aspect could imply that better moods provide the opportunity for developing creative thinking. The particular implications for applying emotions and moods in creativity in my case are strong as I have the capability for delivering creative solutions to problems. Motivation of employees in an organization has also been a major aspect addressed by the application of emotions and moods. The motivation of an individual is largely dependent on emotional commitment which can be profoundly observed in the physical and cognitive involvement of employees in the organizational framework. I am able to infer that my emotional intelligence in this aspect could be higher owing to my commitment to professional goals. The application of emotions and moods is also observed in the case of leadership which can be ensured through the emotional capability of an employee to align with the organizations values and beliefs alongside preparing for potential changes in the future. Leaders should have the capability of framing emotions to address the objectives of change. In my case, I was able to infer that my capabilities as a leader emotionally are limited due to introversion and minimum capabilities for framing my emotions.I would identify with McClelland (1988) need for relationships with colleagues, which are essential in the hospitality workplace. Job attitudes are also influences by the emotions and moods of employees are also reflective of the impact of emotional intelligence. The impact of emotions and moods on interpersonal conflicts in an organization could also be observed since the conflicts between co-workers are often associated with involvements of emotions. Therefore the requirement of emotional intelligence can be profoundly observed in the above functions of an organization. The effective application of emotional intelligence to these functions would enable the identification of prolific career opportunities in the future. Leadership: Transactional and Transformational models Leadership is a prolific requirement in the domain of business management and is essential in workplaces which are subject to dynamic changes. The impact of a leader is observed in flexibility of employees to accomplish the desired objectives and ensure effective decision making. The lack of employees ability to realize the outcomes of effective leadership could be observed in the form of the lack of employee motivation, increasing interpersonal conflicts and productivity. The different forms of leadership styles which have been researched in varying academic contexts include transformational, transactional, charismatic and visionary leadership. The impact of transformational leadership could be observed in the capability for initiating change and provide necessary motivation required to adapt to the change. The implications of transactional leadership could be observed in the motivation of employees by leaders on the basis of transactions and is accounted as one of the basic leadership styles along the lines of autocratic and democratic leadership. Charismatic leaders could be identified with the characteristics of transforming the values and beliefs of others to align with their own. Academic research also illustrates visionary leadership that characterizes the capabilities and motivation of leaders to transform vision into real objectives. The emphasis on transformational leadership and charismatic leadership would provide viable opportunities for my future career since these traits would enable me to perform superiorly in context of the changing conditions of the tourism and hospitality sector thereby garnering feasible career opportunities. To develop my career as a manager I will need to develop more leadership skills such as communication which could enable me to overcome the personality trait insufficiencies in introversion. The capabilities for communication with employees could be useful for addressing the distinct aspects of leadership in an organization such as people, objectives and teamwork. The implementation of feedback for improving personal competences as a leader could also be identified as a major leadership skill that should be improved (Walker Moscardo, 2014). Power, politics and influence: The implications of leadership in an organization must be followed by addressing the concerns of power which are intended to control employees. Power has been defined as the capability of an individual to influence the behaviour of another individual in order to alter the course of events, obtain tasks from people and overcoming resistance. The definition of organizational politics could be apprehended as the efforts of an organization in unofficial and informal contexts that contribute to the communication of ideas, increase power or extend influence in an organization (Walker Moscardo, 2014). It is imperative to consider the contrast between leadership and power in order to address this aspect of professional development. The impact of leadership could be observed in the attributes of an individual vested in accomplishing a common goal while power is used to characterize an individuals abilities to control the activities of other individuals. While leadership is inherently associa ted with power, the exercise of authority has to be moderated in order to acquire the desired outcomes from the followers (Tan, Van der Molen Schmidt, 2017). Power and politics are important in the workplace because the functions of a leader extend beyond the simple management of employees and tasks. The utilization of power could be validated as a tool that assists in the development of knowledge and practice relevant to the leadership skills. The understanding of power is essential in order to help the authority to assess the difference between using power for serving organizational objectives and its implementation for unfavourable activities. Therefore, the comprehensive understanding of power could be helpful for individuals to acquire respect and accomplish objectives while the lack of the same could lead to formidable setbacks for organizational performance such as stagnation (Sheldon, Fesenmaier Tribe, 2011). The use of power responsibly is an effective support for professional development. Another imperative factor to be considered in context of the differences between leadership and power could be identified in the case of the pursuit of leadership for acquiring power. The impact of power could be promising for my future career prospects since I can use my authority to exercise effective leadership thereby realizing professional excellence. The distinct forms of power which could be observed in context of organizational behaviour refer to legitimate power, charismatic power, reward power, political power, coercive power and expert power. These different types of power are associated with individual characteristics. Legitimate power is inherently associated with the position in the workplace. Charismatic power is derived from the inherent personality of an individual and is reflected in ability to influence the perspective of others. Reward power is vested in an individual through authority on similar grounds as coercive power only with the dependence of former on rewards and that of the latter on punishment. Political power is derived from the observation of group support while expert power is acquired through specialization in a distinct field of learning. Decision making and planning: The professional development of an individual is reliant on the capabilities for decision making since effective decision making and planning competences could provide substantial competitive advantage to an individual for acquiring a job prospect. Professional development implies promotion in the strata of management of organizations which would require an individual to address competences of decision making at different levels effectively. The understanding of theoretical models such as rational decision making model would provide viable insights for my professional development. Kolbs decision making model relies on four distinct stages which comprise of diverging, assimilating, converging and accommodating. The aspect of diverging could be apprehended as a combination of two different types of learning style as observed in the case of other dimensions of the model. The different learning styles which provide an insight into the particular highlights of Kolbs decision making model include concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. The rational decision making model could be assumed as the most generic approach to decision making that involves distinct stages (Thomas Thomas, 2014). The rational decision making model comprises of distinct stages such as determining objectives, validating the factors for selecting objectives, identification of alternatives, analysis of the alternatives and finalizing a specific option. The comprehensiveness associated with the rational decision making model could be assumed as a major advantage that can be derived from the model since the possibilities for error would be limited. Furthermore, the model also facilitates substantial scope for planning stage of decision making prior to the final decision. The application of rational decision making in my future career pursuits would enable me to emphasize on facts and logic to determine the decisions in context of organizational management. This approach would account for reasonable and unbiased decisions that would promote my career opportunities. However, it is imperative to consider the drawbacks of rational decision making such as requirement of comprehensive and accurate information, measureable criteria for data and access to resources for evaluation of alternatives. I could attempt to resolve these limitations through to Kliens (2002) model of Recognition primed decision which considers the application of more intuitive thinking and the benefits gained from previous experience. The relevance of Kolbs decision making model with the selected second model of rational decision making could be identified in the similar requirement for concrete evidence in order to reach on rational decisions. Furthermore, the application of reflecti ve observation could also be identified as a major prerequisite for rational decision making that validates the relevance between Kolbs model and rational decision making theory (Moeller Goldstein, 2014). When making decisions for my future career I believe I need to focus on accomplishing professional excellence in all aspects of my functions at a workplace. It is also essential for me to emphasize on career choices which would accommodate my existing personality traits alongside presenting opportunities for future career development. Employment in positions of strategic management such as leaders would be the primary focus of my future career choices that can be complemented further with external training programs and continuous professional development (Hamm et al., 2016). Conclusion: The report presented a professional development plan with references to the contexts of self-awareness and competences for decision making and planning. The evaluation of theoretical aspects pertaining to the specific aspects of self-awareness such as emotional intelligence, personality and leadership in context of probabilities for future development was also highlighted in the report. Consideration of aspects such as my motivation outlined how I need to consider the significance of professional excellence alongside the aspects of family security and fulfilment of terminal values in my career. Furthermore, when evaluating my abilities in emotional intelligence and leadership, reflection from this report has enabled me to understand that my capabilities for understanding the emotions of other individuals would help me in establishing productive interpersonal relationships with other employees. This in turn will help me to make decisions about what training I will need in my future ca reer in order to improve and develop these skills such as communication and reflective thinking in order to improve decision making capabilities. I understand that I base my decisions on rationality which implies the probabilities for accessing opportunities in career choices which demand challenging tasks in terms of decision making. Overall this report has helped me to reflect and consider my career options in the domain of tourism and hospitality in the managerial positions wherein I would be able to utilize my theoretical understanding of the profession in unison with the use of my personality traits and decision making abilities to accomplish professional excellence (Hamm et al., 2016). References (check these highlighted references, are these related to topic, we are talking about self-awareness and you put references for sustainable development tourism) Ashton, A.S., 2015. Effectiveness of tourism destination development for the international retirement migration tourist. CAUTHE 2015: Rising Tides and Sea Changes: Adaptation and Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality, p.43. Brandon-Jones, A., Lewis, M., Verma, R. and Walsman, M.C., 2016. Examining the characteristics and managerial challenges of professional services: An empirical study of management consultancy in the travel, tourism, and hospitality sector.Journal of Operations Management,42, pp.9-24. Blair, G.S., Coulson, G., Blair, L., Duran-Limon, H., Grace, P., Moreira, R. and Parlavantzas, N., 2002, November. Reflection, self-awareness and self-healing in OpenORB. In Proceedings of the first workshop on Self-healing systems (pp. 9-14). ACM. Hamm, A.O., Weike, A.I., Schupp, H.T., Trieg, T. and Dressel, A., 2016. Affect, empathy, and self-awareness. Cognitive Brain Research, 17, pp.223-227. Klien, G 2002, Intuition at work: why developing your gut instincts will make you better at what you do. DoubleDay, New York Luo, J.M., Qiu, H. and Lam, C.F., 2016. Urbanization impacts on regional tourism development: a case study in China.Current Issues in Tourism,19(3), pp.282-295. McClelland, D, 1988, Human motivation, Cambridge University Press, Australia Moeller, S.J. and Goldstein, R.Z., 2014. Impaired self-awareness in human addiction: deficient attribution of personal relevance. Trends in cognitive sciences, 18(12), pp.635-641. Seyito?lu, F. and Yirik, S., 2015. Internship satisfaction of students of hospitality and impact of internship on the professional development and industrial perception.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,20(sup1), pp.1414-1429. Saunders, P.A., Tractenberg, R.E., Chaterji, R., Amri, H., Harazduk, N., Gordon, J.S., Lumpkin, M. and Haramati, A., 2007. Promoting self-awareness and reflection through an experiential mind-body skills course for first year medical students. Medical Teacher, 29(8), pp.778-784. Sheldon, P.J., Fesenmaier, D.R. and Tribe, J., 2011. The tourism education futures initiative (TEFI): Activating change in tourism education. Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism, 11(1), pp.2-23. Tan, C.P., Van der Molen, H.T. and Schmidt, H.G., 2017. A measure of professional identity development for professional education.Studies in Higher Education,42(8), pp.1504-1519. Thomas, R. and Thomas, H., 2014. Hollow from the start? Professional associations and the professionalisation of tourism.The Service Industries Journal,34(1), pp.38-55. Walker, K. and Moscardo, G., 2014. Encouraging sustainability beyond the tourist experience: ecotourism, interpretation and values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(8), pp.1175-1196.

Winter Dream Review Essay Example

Winter Dream Review Paper Essay on Winter Dream Sometimes reading Japanese literature comes upon many controversial, unconventional, not hackneyed themes. Sometimes they are looking quite deliberately. In this case, I have not had time to an Americanized Murakami. Read my book Kenzo kitakata Winter Dream liked the originality of the story, judge for yourself: having known abstract painter who sat for the murder goes free, his prison past only adds to his glory. His painting is definitely not for everyone. And then there is a maniac, who in his paintings, see their experiences, their essence, himself, now their destinies are inseparable. Agree that this tie is not beaten, and arouses curiosity. Isolation and custom, not familiar. . All this against the backdrop of Japanese flavor, the house in the mountains, the atmosphere Since I have not found references to his other book, tell their impressions: After the winter sleep, I come across the cage , I foretaste of something non-standard buy, and We will write a custom essay sample on Winter Dream Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Winter Dream Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Winter Dream Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the previous novel nichego.Yaponskie yakuza no small rank, trying to lay hand on the small supermarket, pouring chemicals in dairy products !? The protagonist is not happy in the family, citing the collapse of marriage, the inability to have a wife (this is at least an argument, although I am ready to argue on this subject) and presence-in-law has fallen into bezpamyatstvo! Than hinder in-law is not clear, given the fact that he suffers bolnitse.No hero comes to grips with the Yakuza, in the end, disappointed by his actions leads his life to its logical conclusion. Honestly, this book I did not understand, perhaps, frustration due to the high expectations, but can not help feeling that this book was written either by someone else or it was an attempt to write, but it is a failure So the experience of the authors extremely contradictory if Winter dream worth reading people interested in moder Noah Japanese literature, the Cage kitakata, driving is not there all the interest in this author.

50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics

50 Compelling Argumentative Essay Topics An argumentative essay requires you to decide on a topic and take a position on it. Youll need to back up your viewpoint with well-researched facts and information as well. One of the hardest parts is deciding which topic to write about, but there are plenty of ideas available to get you started. Choosing a Great Argumentative Essay Topic Students often find that most of their work on these essays is done before they even start writing. This means that its best if you have a general interest in your subject, otherwise you might get bored or frustrated while trying to gather information. You dont need to know everything, though. Part of what makes this experience rewarding is learning something new. Tips Its best if you have a general interest in your subject, but the argument you choose doesnt have be one that you agree with. The subject you choose may not necessarily be one that you are in full agreement with, either. For example, in college, you may be asked to write a paper from the opposing point of view. Researching a different viewpoint helps students broaden their perspectives.   50 Topic Ideas for Argument Essays Sometimes, the best ideas are sparked by looking at many different options. Explore this list of possible topics and see if a few pique your interest. Write those down as you come across them, then think about each for a few minutes. Which would you enjoy researching? Do you have a firm position on a particular subject? Is there a point you would like to make sure and get across? Did the topic give you something new to think about? Can you see why someone else may feel differently? A number of these topics are rather controversial and thats the point. In an argumentative essay, opinions matter and controversy is based on opinions, which are, hopefully, backed up by facts.  If these topics are a little too controversial or you dont find the right one for you, try browsing through persuasive essay topics  as well. Is global climate change  caused by humans?Is the death penalty effective?Is our election process fair?Is torture ever acceptable?Should men get paternity leave from work?Are school uniforms beneficial?Do we have a fair tax  system?Do curfews keep teens out of trouble?Is cheating out of control?Are we too dependent on computers?Should animals be used for research?Should cigarette smoking be banned?Are cell phones dangerous?Are law enforcement cameras an invasion of privacy?Do we have a throw-away society?Is child behavior better or worse than it was years ago?Should companies market to children?Should the government have a say in our diets?Does access to condoms prevent teen pregnancy?Should members of Congress have term limits?Are actors and professional athletes paid too much?Should athletes be held to high moral standards?Are CEOs paid too much?Do violent video games cause behavior problems?Should creationism be taught in public schools?Are beauty pageants exploitative?Should English be the official language in the United States? Should the racing industry be forced to use biofuels?Should the alcohol drinking age be increased or decreased?Should everyone be required to recycle?Is it okay for prisoners to vote?Should gay couples be able to marry?Are there benefits to attending a single-sex school?Does boredom lead to trouble?Should schools be in session year-round?Does religion cause war?Should the government provide health care?Should abortion be illegal?Are girls too mean to each other?Is homework harmful or helpful?Is the cost of college too high?Is college admission too competitive?Should euthanasia be illegal?Should marijuana be legal?Do rich people need to pay more taxes?Should schools require foreign language or physical education?Is affirmative action fair or not?Is public prayer okay in schools?Are schools and teachers responsible for low test scores?Is greater gun control a good idea?

Intellectual Property Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intellectual Property - Coursework Example On the payment of profits to Raybok however, Reedbok has a cause to defend itself against the payment because it is not counterfeiting the shoes of Raybok with that same name but then producing the shoes under different name. This is in light of the law, which states that â€Å"a company must not use a trade name, trade mark and/or geographic indication belonging to another entity as its company name† (In the House Lawyer, 2010). Of course, the name Reedbok is not the same as Raybok. Consumer vigilance has never been the duty or responsibility of owners of companies or copyright holders of names of products. Consumers are liable for their own choices. For this reason if any consumer out of ignorance or carelessness refuses to critically examine the shoes and buys the shoes thinking they are Raybok instead of Reedbok, Reed would not be the one at fault here and so would not be held accountable to pay any earnings to Raybok.

Global scholars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global scholars - Essay Example The Global Scholars Programme As the world is becoming a global village it is very important to understand each other’s cultures and work together cherishing the power of diversity. Slippery Rock University (2013) Website states and I quote â€Å"Diversity is an educational, functional, and institutional resource that should be cultivated, enhanced, and leveraged for optimal learning†. The Global Scholars Programme is focused on linking the students of different cultures so that they can share experiences and explore new international opportunities that can help them in their future endeavors. Students enrolled under this Programme are given the opportunity to work with foreign students of partner institutes under the supervision of a staff member on social enterprise projects. This Programme offers the students an opportunity to meet business leaders in other areas to identify their future career development options. UK and Brazil Partnership To present our project, th e country we had to visit was Brazil. The whole idea of the project was to empower our targeted people and make them skilled so that they find themselves capable enough to gain employment during the Football World Cup 2014. Our target population mainly constitutes of marginalized community and Brazil Favelas was best to access these people. When we were in Brazil we met those people and shared ideas with them to understand their living conditions and take their opinion on this project. I had a variety of learning experiences and I gained several skills throughout my time in Brazil that are discussed in upcoming paragraphs. Skills Acquired through the Global Scholars Programme Global Scholars experience has polished my skills; although I am a confident person but most often I do not talk unnecessarily and take a passive role while in a team. However, with this experience I learnt that sometimes it is very important to be expressive and communicate ones opinions loudly. As a person, I do not take the role of a decision maker; I can well term myself as a ‘team worker’ who according to Belbin is a person who listens to others, care for other members and finds it more easy to implement decisions than taking decisions (Belbin’s Team Roles 2013). However, as I progressed I felt a positive change in myself; now I not only help others take their decisions but also, at times, assume the role of team leader where required. One of the most important skills I acquired during this project was time management. I can relate tis with our situation that how we realized the importance of being time conscious. One we were in Brazil, we had the specs of the project, we had the plans and we have visited different places that gave us insights into the issues we need to tackle to make our project viable; however, we hardly had anything structured. It was then we realized the importance of giving structure and shape to our ideas within the specified timeline. From this experience, I acknowledged how stress is reduced (Emmett 2009) and self-esteem is improved (Frings 2004) through time management. Another important area where I

The Hunger Games movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Hunger Games movie - Essay Example ates that the capitol do not care about the livelihood of the people living in the districts but only care about the gains they get from the games and they underline the importance of them even though the participants might be living in dire conditions. Filckerman and crane are two characters that represent the capitol in the games and the exuberance with which Flickerman conducts his business in the games delights many viewers as he is determined not to fail apparently aware of the implications that come with failure in the capitol. Crane on the other hand shows a level of naivety in the handling of games that makes him to fail in the end as he fails to realize the implications of the decisions he made until it was too late and there was no way back for him to redeem himself. The part that would entertain the people most is the reaction of the president when he heard that Crane had failed in his role of making the games successful in terms of operations and turnouts. The transition from the introduction of the capitol in the movie to the beginning of the story is flawless and the main characters of the movie are quickly introduced to the scenes where the audience gets to meet Katniss and Prim. In the district 12, the camera quality is a bit wanting because the motion is disturbed by the camera being hand held hence making the movie to rattle the eyes of the viewers before they get to the core of the movie. The setting is ok as it shows just enough poverty but it would be better if more starving people were showed in the movie as it would appear more authentic and engaging to the viewers. The fact that there is a lot of hunger in the area makes it hard to believe when the number of people starving in the area is small, making the number bigger would be more convincing and enable the viewers to see the much talked about starvation in district 12. The most fascinating character here is Katniss Everdene who is the heroine of the movie. She resides in district 12 and

Link between Sexual Abuse and Feelings of Shame in Victims

Link between Sexual Abuse and Feelings of Shame in Victims Women and Shame: Exploring the Link Between Sexual Abuse and the Shame Experienced by Victims Abstract Change in the culture of the United States and other countries is allowing for more discussion on the topic of sexual abuse, but it has yet to become the norm. Survivors of sexual abuse experience various negative consequences, including shame and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Shame includes, but is not limited to, feeling trapper, powerless, and isolated (Brown, 2006). PTSD experienced by survivors of sexual abuse can lead one to withdraw and succumb to the negative and detrimental effects of sexual abuse (Wilson & Scarpa, 2014). To reduce the severity of PTSD and combat the negative effects of shame on those who experience it, specifically female survivors of sexual assault, it is suggested that there be a focus on deep and sincere connection provided by supportive women figures and other women who have experienced sexual abuse. This support, in addition to individual and group psychotherapy, may provide the needed empowerment to overcome shame and decrease PTSD symptoms ex perienced by survivors of sexual abuse. Women and Shame: Exploring the Link Between Sexual Abuse and the Shame Experienced by Victims Sexual abuse is disturbingly prevalent, particularly among college students. The American Association of Universities (AAU) found that the prevalence of sexual assault in college was 22.2% for undergraduate women, and, of the women who were in their senior year of college, 27.2% reported having been sexually assaulted during their four years (Cantor et al., 2015). However, disclosing this information has not always been easy and still proves to be a challenge. It is a barrier that is at times insurmountable for victims of sexual abuse. Unfortunately, in the United States today, and all around the world for that matter, the act of sexual abuse is not taboo—exposing it and talking about it is (Turner, 1993). Despite research statistics indicating that 16% of adult American women will experience abuse before the age of 18 (Jackson, Calhoun, Amick, Meddever, & Habif, 1990), society has shied away from the discussion of sexual abuse become commonplace in America. Moreover, sexual abuse and its negative effects are all encompassing and prove difficult to overcome. Sexual abuse can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Sexual abuse also affects the relationships that survivors have with others. Survivors may feel that their experience is a private narrative that should not be shared with others, or they may be concerned that others may not think that what happened to them was truly rape or assault; therefore, victims may not choose to disclose this experience to anyone (Filipas & Ullman, 2001). In order to change this negative thinking, women need to provide deep and sincere connection to female abuse survivors that will allow them to feel supported and empowered. Because feelings such as fear, shame, doubt, and confusion post abuse may lead to avoidance coping and a potential diagnosis of PTSD, understanding the negative effects of sexual abuse is vital to understanding how supportive women can help female victims to overcome feeling trapped, powerless, and isolated. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that can occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, including rape or other violent personal assault (â€Å"What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,† 2017). People who suffer from PTSD experience disturbing thoughts and feelings related to their traumatic experience for long periods of time after the event has passed. A study done by Feiring and Taska (2005) found that women who had experienced sexual abuse and reported high levels of shame after one year were at greater risk for experiencing high levels of shame after six years, as well. This type of residual shame is characteristic of PTSD in that survivors experience it for long periods of time after their traumatic experience. If more can be done to help survivors of sexual abuse within the first year after their experience, they may be empowered to combat the negative effects of shame and overcome the statistics. This help can be provided through support, understanding, patience, and providing a safe place for survivors of sexual abuse to share their experience. PTSD due to sexual abuse is not the only psychological disorder that affects victims. Research done by Molnar, Buka, and Kessler (2001) found that sexual abuse occurring during childhood was highly correlated with the onset of 14 various psychological disorders in women. In addition, research done by Wilson and Scarpa (2014) indicated that childhood sexual abuse is associated with higher amounts of PTSD symptoms than other forms of childhood abuse. When considering the implications of PTSD, the long-term effects it has on those suffering it, and the potential onset of 14 various psychological disorders (Molnar, Buka, & Kessler , 2001), childhood sexual abuse can lead to a lifelong struggle with mental health and shame if not addressed. Female survivors of sexual abuse can receive the necessary support through deep and sincere connection with other women—connection that is needed to combat PTSD. Sexual abuse is not a one-time action. Sexual abuse of any type leaves one with feelings of worthlessness, shame, and insecurities that require intensive care and effort to overcome. Women cannot be left alone post abuse to question their worth. Researchers have looked to strengthen the link in the relationship between shame and sexual assault in order to provide more clarity for those seeking answers. Studies demonstrated that shame is often a mediator between an experience such as sexual assault and PTSD (DeCou, Cole, Lynch, Wong, Matthews, 2017). While few studies have been done to examine what role social connections play in the recovery process, Hyman, Gold, and Cott (2003) suggested that the most influential predictor of PTSD—self esteem might be able to offset feelings typically experienced with shame. Because shame is a mediator between sexual assault and PTSD, targeting it by means of connection will minimize its power and role in bringing those symptoms to the forefront. In addition, because 70% of sexual abuse victims will tell someone about their experience—typically a friend (Fisher, Daigle, Cullen, & Tanner, 2003), overcoming the barriers that delay disclosure may prove helpful in providing a safer and more supportive environment for survivors of sexual abuse. Survivors may be able to seek the support they need and share the motions that they are feeling in a much more efficient manner (Ullman, Foynes, & Tang, 2001). Because of the safety that close relationships can provide, the focus on their role in recovery must be emphasized, because survivors can benefit by sharing the emotions of that experience instead of carrying them alone. One of the most prevalent emotions felt by victims of sexual abuse is shame. Shame is an intensely painful feeling or experience of believing one is flawed and therefore unworthy of acceptance and belonging. This strong emotion can lead survivors to feel trapped, powerless, and isolated (Brown, 2006). No victim of sexual abuse should have to face these experiences and emotions alone. Although the shame experienced by female victims of sexual abuse can be a difficult psychological construct to measure consistently across sample populations, deep and sincere connections among women, along with individual and group psychotherapy, may play a vital role in empowering females to combat the negative effects of shame. Women who maintain supportive interpersonal relationships post-abuse are uniquely empowered to feel less trapped, powerless, and isolated. Interpersonal Relationships While those directly involved with sexual abuse are the true victims, friends, peers, and family members to whom this negative experience is disclosed are also impacted by the negative consequences. Victims of sexual abuse are typically not prepared for what they experience, and neither are those they reach out to for support. Each person to whom this information is disclosed responds differently. Wile the majority tend to respond positively, there are some who do respond negatively (Ahrens & Campbell, 2000). Some results have shown that negative reactions include, but are not limited to, feelings sorry for the victims, blaming the assault on the victim instead of the perpetrator, and minimizing the seriousness and effect of the event (Popiel & Susskind, 1985). This negative response typically comes from a place of unpreparedness. Sexual abuse has far-reaching effects, and those who are indirectly affected (and their response to the survivors) should be examined. By providing education to peers and familial supports, in addition to providing a safe place for survivors of sexual assault to disclose their abuse experience, peers and familial supports will likely respond in a way that fosters trust, confidence, and courage. According to George, Winfield, and Blazer (1992), the majority (59% to 91%) of sexual assault victims disclose the event to family and friends because they view them as helpful and/or supportive. Very few report the information to formal agencies such as the police, the hospital, or a formal rape center. Research done by Ullman (1996) tested friends of rape victims and determined that participants did not feel more distressed than normal when they were told their friend was a victim of sexual assault. The results further showed that the friends were angry at the perpetrator and wanted to seek revenge but otherwise maintained positive feelings towards the survivor (Ullman, 1996). Because the results can vary from friend to friend, it is imperative that friends, family members, and supporters of survivors of sexual abuse are educated on their role in the process of recovery and healing. Sexual abuse affects more than just those who experience it first hand, it also impacts those who are trusted enough to help bear the weight and seriousness of this horrible experience. Exploring shame, one of the consequences of sexual abuse more thoroughly, will provide clarity to the healing process that survivors of undergo and the important role that women play in empowering female survivors to overcome their experience. Oftentimes, abuse-related shame is created by the secretive context under which it takes place, including threats to stay silent and not disclose the event to anyone and condemnation from the perpetrator towards the victim (Feiring & Taska, 2005). This shame can then lead one to feel trapped, powerless, and isolated (Brown, 2006). Shame requires a sense of self and an ability to compare oneself against a cultural standard (Feiring & Taska, 2005). Having a better understanding of shame will not only allow female survivors of sexual abuse to take steps towards healing, but will also help peers, family members, and friends to support survivors along this path. Feeling Less Trapped The word trapped is often thought of in the context of not being able to escape. Female survivors of sexual abuse often feel trapped by their experience. Researchers found that a consistent result of shame is an avoidance response so severe tat the individual prefers to hide rather than expose themselves (Barrett, Zahn-Waxler, & Cole, 1993). Additionally, shame promotes cognitive avoidance which is an intentional effort to avoid dealing with a stressor (Berliner & Wheeler, 1987). Because shame produces avoidance, both cognitively and behaviorally, survivors, as well as those who support them, need to understand the significant effect that deep and sincere connections can have on survivors while working through abuse-related shame. Turner (1993) stated that â€Å"the process of sharing feelings with others and realizing that other people feel the same way provides a sense of relief and makes people feel less frightened and not so alone† (para. 12). Being able to reach out for h elp and seek connection, the opposite of avoidance, will likely improve the survivor’s ability to overcome shame and empower her to fight the feelings of isolation that she experiences. Feeling Less Powerless As suggested by Brown (2006), sexual abuse survivors find that producing effects strong enough to counter the shame caused by sexual abuse very difficult. Because shame produces so many emotions, survivors have difficulty feeling empowered enough to get to the core of their abuse and begin healing. Survivors are often stuck in the secondary emotions: shame, guilt, anxiousness, helplessness, and hurt (E. Harwood, personal communication, November 1, 2017). In a study done by Berliner and Wheeler (1987), survivors of sexual abuse typically got to the core of their abuse and began healing by gradually exposing their abuse situation through talking about or abreaction, the expression and emotional discharge of repressed emotion (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2017). If female survivors of sexual abuse can experience abreaction, in addition to the support of deep and sincere connections with other women, then they may be able to reach the core of their abuse and begin to explore to real emotions that they are feeling. Survivors will likely gain power over their abuse each time it is exposed through the help of therapists, peers, and family supports. Survivors may begin to feel empowered and start to overcome the complexity of the shame that they experience. They may also find the power to keep seeking connections necessary to overcome feelings of isolation. Feeling Less Isolated The confusion, betrayal, and loneliness that survivors of sexual abuse experience are conflicting emotions and tend to run deep. Because sexual abuse can come by means of close friends, family members, trusted individuals (or associates), isolation seems to be the fitting response when considering that a trusted person could be the perpetrator of such acts. Survivors typically need to rebuild trust, and this can be done through forming deep and sincere connections with women among whom they feel comfortable or women who have experienced something similar. Bass and Davis (1988) found that as women speak to each other about past traumatic experiences, they are able to put more distance between themselves and the pain. That ability led survivors to feel less victimized and more connected with those to whom they were talking (Bass & Davis, 1988). If female survivors can come to trust the deep and sincere connections the form with fellow women, ten they will be able to feel less isolated through talking about their experiences. In addition, survivors will likely feel more empathy and sympathy from those around them and begin to feel that they are not alone but rather surround by people who understand them and their experiences. They will begin to feel connected. Empowerment through Connection Human beings thrive off of feelings of belonging. On Maslow’s Hierarch of Needs, the need to belong is most important after basic needs and safety and security. Further, it is often said that the opposite of addiction is not sobriety but rather connection. If connection is powerful enough to help one to overcome or avoid addiction completely, how important is it then for one seeking to overcome the shame that comes from sexual abuse? Baumeister and Leary (2000) described the â€Å"need to belong or need to develop and maintain meaningful social bonds as a ‘fundamental human motivation’ that lies beneath a myriad of human interaction and behavior†(P#). On that premise, the desire for connection and feelings of belonging come naturally and should not be ignored. In a study done by Llabre and Hadi (1997) that examined children in Kuwait who had experienced trauma, data showed that girls who experienced trauma and perceived low levels of support experienced the highest levels of PTSD symptoms. By providing support to female survivors of sexual abuse through deep and sincere connection from fellow women, these PTSD symptoms may diminish. Whether survivors of sexual abuse prefer avoidance or connection, as observed earlier, friends and familial support must be understanding. If the proper support can be given to victims soon after the abuse occurs, then they symptoms of PTSD may decrease and the natural desire for connection and belonging will likely be satisfied. That help alone may empower female survivors of sexual assault to push through the shame they feel and move forward through the process of healing. The need for connection is not merely a desire to have friends. Satisfying the need for connection can help one to avoid depression, anxiety, and loneliness. The need for connection also elicits goal-oriented behavior (Baumeister & Leary, 2000). In a study done on 160 women who had experienced sexual abuse in their childhood, women who perceived that they had social support reported a significant reduction in depression and other symptoms of PTSD (Hobfoll et al., 2002). Knowing that a need for connection will inspire goal-oriented behavior and combat depression, loneliness, and anxiety, support provided by women can help to counteract the feelings of isolation and powerlessness that female survivors of sexual abuse experience. By building and strengthening deep and sincere connections, survivors will feel less isolated and be empowered to combat the negative effects of shame. Sharing Experiences   While group therapy and individual therapy are great additions to the therapeutic process, sharing the experience outside of therapeutic groups is an additional support. According to a national study done in Sweden, 46% of all Swedish women surveyed had experienced some form of sexual violence since the age of 15 (Ormon, Sunnqvist, Bahtsevani, Tostensson Levander, 2016). Because of these results, further research was done in a women’s general psychiatric clinic. The follow-up study found that women preferred to share their abuse experiences with their peers more so than with staff (Ormon, Sunnqvist, Bahtsevani, Tostensson Levander, 2016). This research demonstrated that survivors of sexual assault tend to be more willing to disclose their experience to trusted women or those who have experienced something similar. Because of this level of trust that is extended to those without therapeutic licensure, fellow women must be aware of the impact they have o those who wish to sh are their experiences. Deep and sincere connection outside of individual and group psychotherapy may supplement the help that is provided there. While research on the view point of friends and family is minimal, some research has been conducted on the matter. Ahrens and Campbell (2000) reviewed the responses of friends to survivors and found that those to whom the information is disclosed are conflicted by wanting to help and support but feel powerless and unhelpful. These same researchers surveyed college students again and found that women are more empathic, especially if they have their own history of sexual assault, blame the experience on the survivor less often than men, and see more positive changes in their relationship with the survivor (Ahrens & Campbell, 2000). Contrary to these findings, Banyard, Maynihan, Walsh, Cohn, and Ward (2010) cited significant responses indicating that friends to whom sexual assault is disclosed feel anger and distress. Because of the inconsistency in responses to sexual assault, there is a need to continue educating peer and familial supports on the role the play in the healing process. By providing this education and spending more time talking about their role, survivors may be able to find deep and sincere relationships with those to whom they disclose their experience to and will likely be able to overcome the shame that stems from sexual assault. Conclusion A community, a culture, a friend, or a family member that provides safety and refuge for survivors of sexual abuse is positioned at the forefront of changes that need to be made. Sexual abuse is experience by more friends and family than is made known and healthy and positive support is owed to them. While sexual abuse is an emerging topic in the world of open discussions, understanding the trail of negative effects that is left behind in its wake is only beginning to be explored. PTSD experienced by survivors of sexual abuse is long term and fosters feelings of inadequacy and hopelessness. In addition, survivors that experience high levels of PTSD within the immediate year following their experience are likely to maintain that high level for a minimum of six years (Feiring & Taska, 2005). PTSD can also accompany 14 other psychological disorders that women are prone to develop after experiencing sexual abuse (Molnar, Buka, & Kessler, 2001). It is difficult and potentially impossible to determine a fix-all for symptoms and effects of PTSD, but it is not impossible to challenge it. PTSD can be challenged and combatted through deep and sincere connection that allows survivors of sexual assault to feel empowered, heard, and supported. Fortunately for survivors of sexual abuse, studies have also shown that they will often be positively received when disclosing their traumatic experience to friends, family, and trusted figures (Ahrens & Campbell, 2000). Unfortunately, there will be some who perceive them negatively, blame the vent on them, and cut off communication and support (Popiel & Susskind, 1985), but by allowing for sexual abuse to be a commonplace conversation and providing safe settings for that to happen, the negative reactions be minimized further. With this positive support, female survivors of sexual abuse will begin to work through the negative effects of abuse-related shame: feeling trapped, powerless, and isolated. Survivors of sexual abuse, women in particular, need each other. By providing deep and sincere connection to those effected by sexual abuse, they will likely feel empowered to overcome the shame that envelops them, because they will feel connected, they will feel included, and they will ex pose the abuse that they experienced. Additional research on the effects of deep and sincere relationships among women should be conducted to better understand their influence as more is being done to provide help for survivors of sexual abuse. Providing education on the importance of supportive peers and families and the positive effects that they have on victims may decrease the amount of psychological disorders and long-term effects that sexual abuse can leave in its wake. Research should therefore be done that explores more in depth the emotion of shame and the role that it plays n recovery from sexual abuse.    References Ahrens, C. E., & Campbell, R. (2000). Assisting rape victims as they recover from rape: The impact on friends.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence,  15(9), 959-986. doi:10.1177/088626000015009004 American Psychiatric Association. (2017). What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., Walsh, W. A., Cohn, E. S., & Ward, S. (2010). Friends of survivors: The community impact of unwanted sexual experiences.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence,  25(2), 242-256. doi:10.1177/0886260509334407 Barrett, K. C., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Cole, P. M. (1993). Avoiders versus amenders: Implications for the investigation of guilt and shame during toddlerhood? Cognitionand Emotion, 7, 481-505. Bass, E., & Davis, L. (1988).  The courage to heal: A guide for women survivors of child sexual abuse. New York, NY, US: Perennial Library/Harper & Row Publishers. Retrieved from  https://www.lib.byu.edu/cgibin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1988-97592-000&site=ehost-live&scope=site Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (2000). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. In E. T. Higgins, A. W. Kruglanski, E. T. Higgins (Ed) & A. W. Kruglanski (Ed) Eds.), (pp. 24-49). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press. Retrieved from  https://www.lib.byu.edu/cgibin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2000-12688-001&site=ehost-live&scope=site Berliner, L., & Wheeler, J. R. (1987). Treating the effects of sexual abuse on children.  Journal of Interpersonal Violence,  2(4), 415-434. doi:10.1177/088626058700200407 Brown, B. (2006). Shame resilience theory: A grounded theory study on women and shame.  Families in Society,  87(1), 43-52. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3483 Cantor,  D.,  Fisher,  B.,  Chibnall,  S.,  Townsend,  R.,  Lee,  H.,  Bruce,  C., &  Thomas,  G.  (2015). Report on the AAU Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct.  Washington, DC: Association of American Universities. Retrieved from  https://www.aau.edu/uploadedFiles/AAU_Publications/AAU_Reports/Sexual_Assault_Campus_Survey/AAU_Campus_Climate_Survey_12_14_15.pdf DeCou, C. R., Cole, T. T., Lynch, S. M., Wong, M. M., & Matthews, K. C. (2017). Assault-related shame mediates the association between negative social reactions to disclosure of sexual assault and psychological distress.  Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,  9(2), 166-172. doi:10.1037/tra000018 Feiring, C., & Taska, L. S. (2005). The persistence of shame following sexual abuse: A longitudinal look at risk and recovery.  Child Maltreatment,  10(4), 337-349. doi:10.1177/1077559505276686 Filipas, H. H., & Ullman, S. E. (2001). Social reactions to sexual assault victims from various support sources.  Violence and Victims,  16(6), 673-692. Retrieved from  https://www.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2002-12346-006&site=ehost-live&scope=site Fisher, B. S., Daigle, L. E., Cullen, F. T., & Turner, M. G. (2003). Reporting sexual victimization to the police and others: Results from a national-level study of college women.  Criminal Justice and Behavior,  30(1), 6-38. doi:10.1177/0093854802239161 George, L. K., Winfield, I., & Blazer, D. G. (1992). Sociocultural factors in sexual assault: Comparison of two representative samples of women.  Journal of Social Issues,  48(1), 105-125. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb01160 Hobfoll, S. E., Bansal, A., Schurg, R., Young, S., Pierce, C. A., Hobfoll, I., & Johnson, R. (2002). The impact of perceived child physical and sexual abuse history on Native American womens psychological well-being and AIDS risk.  Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,  70(1), 252-257. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.1.252 Hyman, S. M., Gold, S. N., & Cott, M. A. (2003). Forms of social support that moderate PTSD in childhood sexual abuse survivors.  Journal of Family Violence,  18(5), 295-300. doi:1025117311660 Jackson, J. L., Calhoun, K. S., Amick, A. E., Maddever, H. M., & Habif, V. L. (1990). Young adult women who report childhood interfamilial sexual abuse: Subsequent adjustment.  Archives of Sexual Behavior,  19(3), 211-221. doi:10.1007/BF01541547 Llabre, M. M., & Hadi, F. (1997). Social support and psychological distress in Kuwaiti boys and girls exposed to the gulf crisis.  Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,  26(3), 247-255. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2603_3 Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2017). Abreaction. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. Molnar, B. E., Buka, S. L., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: Results from the national comorbidity survey.  American Journal of Public Health,  91(5), 753-760. doi:10.2105/AJPH.91.5.753 Ormon, K., Sunnqvist, C., Bahtsevani, C., & Levander, M. T. (2016). Disclosure of abuse among female patients within general psychiatric care: A cross sectional study.  BMC Psychiatry,  16  Retrieved from  https://www.lib.byu.edu/cgibin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2016-15202-001&site=ehost-live&scope=site Popiel, D. A., & Susskind, E. C. (1985). The impact of rape: Social support as a moderator of stress.  American Journal of Community Psychology,  13(6), 645-676. doi:10.1007/BF00929794 Turner, S. (1993). Talking about sexual abuse: The value of short-term groups for women survivors.  Journal of Group Psychotherapy, Psychodrama & Sociometry,  46(3), 110-121. Retrieved from https://www.lib.byu.edu/cgibin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1994-26536-001&site=ehost-live&scope=site Ullman, S. E. (1996). Do social reactions to sexual assault victims vary by support provider?  Violence and Victims,  11(2), 143-157. Retrieved from  https://www.lib.byu.edu/cgi-bin/remoteauth.pl?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1997-07861-004&site=ehost-live&scope=site Ullman, S. E., Foynes, M. M., & Tang, S. S. S. (2001). Benefits and barriers to disclosing sexual trauma: A contextual approach.  Journal of Trauma & Dissociation,  11(2), 127-133. doi:10.1080/15299730903502904 Wilson, L. C., & Scarpa, A. (2014). Childhood abuse, perceived social support, and posttraumatic stress symptoms: A moderation model.  Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,  6(5), 512-518. doi:10.1037/a0032635 Appendix Figure 1. Type of response experienced by survivors of sexual assault when disclosing their experience to family and/or friends. Adapted from â€Å"Assault-Related Shame Mediates the Association Between Negative Social Reactions to Disclosure of Sexual Assault and Psychological Distress,† by C. DeCou, T. Cole, S. Lynch, M. Wong, & K. Matthews, 2017, Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, (2)9, p. 169.

Personalized Conversational Recommendation Systems :: Business Communications

Conversation via Dialogue Management Up: Personalized Conversational Recommendation Systems Conversational Recommendation The goal of recommendation systems is to help users find items of interest, and thus they must eliminate some choices from consideration while keeping others. To achieve this, they must either know or determine the interests of the current user, then present items that satisfy those interests. One of the most widely used approaches for information acquisition in recommendation systems is the use of a simple form (usually a single query box) that the user fills in. Coupled with this, a common presentation format is the ranked list approach. In this scheme, the system presents a usually long list of results, ordered by their predicted relevance to the user. The combined technique of information acquisition through a form and presentation in a list originated in information retrieval, where it was used to help find documents or reports during library research. The basic method, which we refer to as the ranked list approach, is more general, however, and it underlies the simpler search e ngines for the World Wide Web, which are used regularly for many different selection tasks. In contrast, the ADAPTIVE PLACE ADVISOR supports conversations as its mode of interaction. In this approach, one conversational participant, which we call the inquirer, asks a second participant, which we call the advisor, for assistance in selecting an item. For example, if the inquirer is deciding on a restaurant at which to have dinner, the conversation may proceed as follows: 1. Inquirer: Where do you think I should eat tonight? 2. Advisor: What type of food would you like? 3. Inquirer: What types are there? 4. Advisor: You can say things like Chinese, Indian, and Mediterranean. 5. Inquirer: Oh, maybe a cheap Indian place. 6. Advisor: What kind of parking would you like? 7. Inquirer: I don't care, as long as it's in Palo Alto. 8. Advisor: I'm sorry, I don't know of any restaurants like that, would you like to search for any price? 9. Inquirer: No, I think I'd like Chinese instead. 10. Advisor: How does Mandarin Gourmet on 420 Ramona sound?1 11. Inquirer: No, what else do you have? 12. Advisor: How about Jing-Jing Szechwan Hunan Gourmet on 443 Emerson Street? 13. Inquirer: Sure, that sounds fine. We will refer to systems that mimic this approach to recommendation as conversational recommendation systems. The interaction supported by conversational recommendation systems is quite different from that found in the ranked list approach.

Discourse On Colonialism Essay

In â€Å"Discourse on Colonialism† mentioned on page two, paragraph three, the author makes a connection with the misinterpretation of how the Europeans thought that those who did not practice Christianity were savages. â€Å"†¦is Christian pedantry, which laid down the dishonest equations Christianity=civilization, paganism=savagery, from which there could not but ensue abominable colonialist and racist consequences, whose victims were to be the Indians, the yellow peoples, and the Negroes.† In Things Fall Apart, when the missionaries landed in Africa, they accused the Umuofians of ignorance for not knowing how to â€Å"properly† practice religion. At the time of Things Fall Apart, religion was associated with â€Å"living things† while the European missionaries said that â€Å"correct religion† came from worshipping gods that were not concrete objects. On page 146 the text said, â€Å"Your gods are not alive and cannot do you any harm,â€⠄¢ replied the white man. ‘They are pieces of wood and stone.† This shows that the Europeans established supremacy over the Africans by denouncing their religion, which ultimately aided their efforts to colonize the Blacks. On the very first page of â€Å"Discourse on Colonialism†, it says â€Å"A civilization that proves incapable of solving the problems it creates is a decadent civilization. A civilization that chooses to close its eyes to its most crucial problems is a stricken civilization.† The same situation occurred in Things Fall Apart with the initial European contact because the Umuofians did not see them as a threat. This led to the decimation of their culture as the Umuofians allowed the Europeans to live amongst them and convert the outcasts. That was the Umuofians biggest mistake because when the Europeans had established a base of converts, it helped them to continue to convert the tribesmen and eventually take over the African tribe. Connections with Kaffir Boy: In â€Å"Discourse on Colonialism† by Aime Cesaire, he talks about the effect he witnessed due to colonialism which he believes â€Å"dehumanizes even the most civilized man†. He is talking about in Kaffir Boy, Mark at young age, witnesses the â€Å"dehumanization† of his father. â€Å"He seemed uncharacteristically powerless and contrite, a far cry from the tough, resolute and absolute ruler of the house I knew him to be, the father whose words were law.† (pg 22). A fine line is formed between races as Mark observes. At the time, the white people had established supremacy over the black people due to the laws of Apartheid. When Mark’s father was being dehumanized, it was a very overwhelming occurrence for Mark because he learned there are individuals who have more power than his father. Page two of â€Å"Disclosure of Colonialism† the author speaks of the â€Å"brutalized and degradation of the colonizer†. The blacks are brutally treated by their own people even. They can take a man and turn him into an animal. Connections to SOAPSTONE Evidence: The diction of Discourse on Colonialism is anger. The author, Aime Cesaire, expresses his opinion concisely, and emphasizes how Europe is indefensible spiritually and morally. â€Å"Henceforth, the colonized know that they have an advantage over them. They know that their temporary, â€Å"masters† are lying. Therefore, that their masters are weak.† (pg 1). In Cesaire’s opinion, the Europeans are indefensible because their actions to colonize are lies to the eyes of Africans. Since these lies are not acknowledged by the natives the Africans can fight back with their religion, and crumble the colonizers without faltering. Even the title â€Å"master† is acknowledged as a lie. The Africans know that the colonizers are not the ones to command them. Cesaire knows that in the perspective of a native. Cesaire speaks without humor. His seriousness can be found throughout â€Å"Discourse on Colonialism†. Many times he points out the hypocrisy of th e colonizers. His criticism of the Christians is relentless. He points out the â€Å"Hitler† side of everybody. Connections with current events Currently in syria there is an uprising in a place resembling the slums in which Kaffir Boy takes place. Mark grew up in a place where jobs were hard to come by, and people were dragged out of their houses at night by the police and were sometimes shot. This week in syria, â€Å"Islamist extremists in Syria’s insurgency killed 150 soldiers in a battle for control of an Aleppo suburb this week, including 51 who were executed after they had surrendered.† The same sort of thing happened in Kaffir Boy, except it was  the opposite with the police killing the civilians, going to their houses at night so the police knew people would